Magnesium is a vital mineral that supports hundreds of enzyme systems and multiple physiological processes. In the body, it acts as a cofactor in over 300 biochemical reactions, helping with energy production, protein synthesis, and the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It also plays critical roles in maintaining normal muscle and nerve function, regulating blood sugar levels, supporting heart rhythm, and contributing to bone health.

A deficiency in magnesium can manifest with a variety of symptoms. Early signs often include fatigue, muscle twitches or cramps, and general weakness. When deficiency becomes more severe, it may lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), seizures, or imbalances in other electrolytes such as calcium and potassium. Over longer periods, some observational and clinical studies have linked low magnesium status with increased risks of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and migraine.

Because modern diets and agricultural practices often lower the magnesium content in food, many people may not meet their needs through diet alone. Good dietary sources include nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and leafy green vegetables. For those whose diet is insufficient or who have increased needs, magnesium supplementation (e.g. forms such as magnesium citrate, gluconate, or bisglycinate) may be considered.  However, supplementation must be approached cautiously—excessive intake can lead to gastrointestinal upset (diarrhea, nausea), and in serious cases, to hypotension, cardiac irregularities, respiratory issues, and toxicity (especially in individuals with impaired kidney function). Because of possible interactions with medications (e.g. certain antibiotics, diuretics, bisphosphonates) and medical conditions (e.g. kidney disease), it is wise to consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation.